My Projects

DC-DC boost converter boosts the DC input voltage to higher DC voltages  according to the duty cycle of  PWM  applied to the mosfet used to charge the inductor.While the mosfet state is on the inductor gets charged, than when the mosfet turns off the voltage stored in inductor and input voltage gets added and appears in the output. But if only these components are used output Voltage will be pulsating and have a frequency similar to that of mosfet switching. So we need to put a capacitor in output in order to oscillating output to smoother output. Still the stored voltage in capacitor will backflow through the mosfet when it is on, So we need to place a diode in between mosfet and capacitor in order to prevent backflow of stored charge in capacitor.After these circuit requirements are completed the boost converter will be boost low voltage DC input to higher DC voltages.The circuit should look like as shown below:- Boost Converter Circuit Output Voltage calcu...

DC-DC buck converter converts DC voltage from higher voltages to lower voltages according to the duty cycle of PWM applied to the MOSFET gate. When MOSFET  is fired the inductor and capacitor gets charged so when MOSFET turns off the inductor and capacitor works as current and voltage source and continue to supply steady voltage and current till the MOSFET is fired again. For the inductor and capacitor to continuously supply the power to load without any ripples the inductance and capacitance of inductor must be high enough so that the change in their voltage and current is not  significant.  Buck converter circuit output voltage  the output voltage of the converter depends on the duty cycle of the PWM applied to the MOSFET gate.    output voltage  =  Duty cycle * Vin    Duty cycle        =  Ton/(Ton+Toff) with the change in load and change in input voltage the output voltage may vary, i...

this circuit can measure the environmental temperature. It consists of LM35 temperature sensor. Atmega328 micro controller is used to read analog data from data pin of the sensor and convert the data to temperature according to the conversion factor provided in datasheet. To make this project following components will be needed Atmega328 microcontroller crystal(16 MHZ) capacitor 22PF Seven segment display Matrix board lm35 temperature sensor Wire up the microcontroller as follows  connect (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,Dp) of seven segment to (3,7,4,2,1,5,6,0) and enable pins (D1,D2,D3,D4) to (13,A3,A2,12) with 470 ohm resistor between each four pins. And connect the  lm35 signal pin to A0 of the microcontroller. Than  program the  Microcontroller with following code after the circuit is complete. #Download Sevseg library from library manager #include <SevSeg.h> SevSeg sevseg; float a = 0; void setup(){   byte numDigit...

Patient Condition Monitoring System is a system that is developed to monitor the different health parameters of multiple patients simultaneously by a single person. The system can give warnings about the condition of patient if any parameter goes below lower threshold or above the upper threshold. The goal of Patient Condition Monitoring System is to develop a simple, reliable and economical monitoring system which measures different types of health parameters like heartbeat, temperature and movement of the body. The project Patient Condition Monitoring System has been selected because of the interests and opportunities it provides in the field of health and biomedical engineering. Following application is developed to monitor the data    the system works as follows  Heart beat sensor senses the change in color of the blood on accordance of pulse rate. The observed data is sent to the microcontroller that converts it into the standard unit. With the help...

SCADA in hybrid energy system management and control for isolated DC micro-grid . Our system addresses the problem of connecting different Energy sourced together effectively, monitoring and controlling of the Hybrid energy system formed by different renewable energy sources. Article in the link can be followed for more information. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484720314554 For our project we developed a small version of DC micro grid taking power from different power sources (Like solar and wind) and combining these sources together   with the help of voltage stabilizing buck-boost converters. After we boot the voltages from different sources to our distribution voltage. We distribute the power for different loads like Households, Hospitals, Schools through dedicated feeders. Now with the help of SCADA  and Sensors we can monitor various system parameters like Generation voltage of different sources, Bus voltage, powe...

PC based light intensity controller To control light intensity through pc I developed an application in Microsoft visual studio and make it communicate to Arduino in order to send the PWM value that would control MOSFET via Arduino which in turn will control the intensity of LED lights I am controlling  you can download the application with code from this link  https://drive.google.com/open?id=1eF3F2S-h_6_dHfn1JWRhsNyP-qgU3v1Y   you can find Arduino code for this project from this link  https://drive.google.com/open?id=1siO2uxrQzuTkqgQhlFxDLr32zO34L7mf connect the PWM output from Arduino pin 3 to gate of MOSFET which can high power LEDS. if you want to copy arduino code directly here it is  String inData = "0"; String a = "0"; int k = 0; float lux = 0.00,av=0.0048828125,lv; long time1; int h; void setup() {   // put your setup code here, to run once:  Serial.begin(9600);  pinMode(13,OUTPUT);  digi...

CHANGING ARDUINO PWM FREQUENCY In some projects like boost and buck converters we may need to change the default frequency of Arduino PWM pins according to our need in order to control the charging time of inductor. in Arduino UNO pins D5 and D6 have PWM frequency of 62500 HZ , pins D3, D11, D9 and D10 has the default PWM frequency of 31250 HZ . To change the PWM frequency  following code can be written in setup function to set PWM frequency Divide the base frequency of pins by the factor you want to decrease the frequency for each pin  some examples are shown below The divisors available on pins 5, 6, 9 and 10 are: 1, 8, 64, 256, and 1024. The divisors available on pins 3 and 11 are: 1, 8, 32, 64, 128, 256, and 1024. for D3 and D11 TCCR2B = TCCR2B & B11111000 | B00000001; // for PWM frequency of 31372.55 Hz TCCR2B = TCCR2B & B11111000 | B00000010; // for PWM frequency of 3921.16 Hz TCCR2B = TCCR2B & B11111000 | B000000...

This post shows that how can we use simple wifi module can be used as internet based home automation device using google assistant and adafruit io. for this project you will need following components and modules:- 1. NODE MCU board                                                             2. Realy board 3. Phone charger now power the node mcu and relay module using the charger and connect the node mcu pins to the relay board  and the hardware is ready now creat the adafruit io account and sign in and creat the feeds and dashboards like below now go to https://ifttt.com/ and creat account and follow following steps  creat a new applet now follow the process in the website to connect the applet to your adafruit io feeds and upload the following code b...